The Score Card of the Two Sciences Compared
Taking a closer look at a thorough comparison made by the author of the article between the factors able to highlight the difference between the two fields of knowledge, we may clear up that there exist at least three conclusive advantages of the natural sciences as compared to the social sciences, videlicet, inalterability of observations, possibility to check the hypothesis, and constancy of numerical relationships. However, the way the creator of this paper sees it, these advantages are just mere benefits that the natural sciences posses and these advantage point does not mean that the natural sciences are in some way superior to the social ones. On the second thought, the creator of this article is just assured that there exists no reason of comparison between the two sciences in question. This is just because one science is not an alternate of the other one of two. The social sciences are no way an alternate of the natural ones, where we can easily choose one over the other one. Instead, the two fields of knowledge go together to make the composite we are living in understandable to the society. If one of these sciences disappears an individual person may find himself confused and embarrassed. The statements presented in the article no way imply that we should not study any social sciences at all because they are in some way inferior to the natural ones. The advantage point of the natural sciences exists but a benefit that can be reached by this single body of knowledge is more significant. So , the imaginary inferiority of the social sciences as compared to the natural sciences is nothing but a phantom that the society add to the former, seeing the later as indeed superior.
Is Systems Development an Art or a Science?
This is an important question which is ultimately at the heart of a lot of the problems in systems and software development. There is one camp that believes development to be an art form requiring free-spirited creative types of people, and another camp believing it to be a science requiring people that are more disciplined and organized.
The difference between an art and a science is subtle but significant. An art form is based on the intuitiveness of the person performing the work, something that is difficult, if not impossible, to pass on to another human being. For example, apprentices serving under an artist may try for years to emulate the master, but may never attain his level of skill and creativity. In contrast, a science is based on a governing body of concepts and principles and, as such, can be easily taught to others. From this perspective, programming can certainly be viewed as a science as it has certainly been taught and passed on to others for many years; further, it involves certain governing principles in terms of language syntax, approaches to defining program logic and construction. Some might argue the physical design of a report or screen requires creativity, and there is a certain element of truth to this as some look better than others. But even the design of reports and screens can be governed by certain principles in terms of layout, navigation, color schemes, etc.
On the systems side, there are governing principles as well which can easily be taught to others. It too requires a certain element of creativity for such things as analyzing and solving business problems and designing work flows. I guess what I’m driving at is that science is certainly not devoid of creativity. For example, consider the sciences of architecture and engineering, all of which are based on governing principles, yet offers channels of creativity in design. Music is another excellent example of a science involving creativity. In other words, art does not hold a monopoly on creativity.
In any form of development you can either build things one at a time or in volume. Artists are excellent for building unique works of art, but it is hardly an effective approach for corporations to take who tend to build things with many people. Consequently, they are more inclined to adopt a development approach based on science as opposed to an art form. Further, maintaining a product derived from a science is easier than one based on art as you can more readily reproduce the object according to specifications.
Not long ago I wrote an article on why it is necessary to record your time during the day, specifically as it applies for project management purposes. During the article, I mentioned there is often resistance to reporting time by those people who perceive themselves as free-spirited creative types who do not like to be encumbered by such discipline. Pursuant to the article, I received some interesting responses who felt it wasn’t necessary to impose too many management controls and discipline on such creative spirits, particularly programmers, that it would be viewed as a bureaucracy and nuisance as opposed to helping with their assignments. They also commented on their disdain for micromanagement; that they would prefer more freedom as it pertains to their work. Personally, I do not have a problem with this as I have always advocated worker empowerment (managing from the bottom-up). In other words, they want more decision making authority in the planning process of their assignments. This means they should also be participating in the preparation of estimates for their assignments and should be able to report back to management on the progress of their assignments. To do so, there should be something more substantial than vague generalities as to where they stand on an assignment, e.g.; “I’m 50% complete.” Because of the many people participating in today’s development projects, management can ill-afford to operate with vague generalities and instead needs to know early on if the worker is in trouble or will be delivering his work product early or late. This can be simply performed by recording time spent and estimating the amount of effort remaining on an assignment. This is particularly needed, if their assignment affects the schedules of others. If the worker is going to be given more freedom to layout and estimate his work, it seems perfectly reasonable to apply a little discipline and accountability regardless of the creative spirits involved, especially if other people are involved.
So, is systems and software development a science or an art? I contend that it is a science for the reasons already mentioned. As such, it can be taught and implemented in essentially the same manner as other sciences, such as architecture and engineering, who are basically in the same business as systems and software personnel except designing other types of products. True, we still have issues of creativity and managing complexity, but this is no different than the other disciplines as well. It also means imposing the same types of discipline, organization and accountability as found in the other disciplines. The problem though is this conflicts with today’s relaxed office mores. One has to question if we have become perhaps too lax in our corporate cultures to the point it is having an adverse effect on productivity; that maybe some discipline and accountability might produce positive results.
Younger developers might contend that I am out of touch with how systems and software is developed these days, that they need free reign to do what they want. I contend there will always be a place for management, otherwise we will end up with the “1000 Monkey Phenomenon” whereby people are permitted to do whatever they so desire and maybe, just maybe, something worthwhile will be produced. Companies can certainly not afford to operate in this manner and, because of this, we will always need management to orchestrate development efforts in a concerted manner.
One last note, an area that greatly concerns me is the lack of standards in this industry, particularly in the area of systems. Sure we have plenty of theories of what systems are, but no definitive body of knowledge that can be applied uniformly. This is one obstacle prohibiting us from becoming a legitimate science. As long as there are multiple interpretations of the same thing, we will never realize any consistency and management will continue to perceive developers as free spirited artists as opposed to disciplined professionals.
If you would like to discuss this with me in more depth, please do not hesitate to send me an e-mail.
Science Vs Religion
In the frames of this article we are going to condemn science and the persons who work on this field, and the wrong statements made by the scientists. Then, we are going to point out the resemblance of art and science and their differences. It goes without saying that criticism is obvious for any science and, specially, for art. But not any critics can be accepted, it is very important to prove the facts and be ready to explain all the points. So, in the article we try to propose the elements of critics and the facts.
First of all, science mistakably regarded as religion and with time got the same status and the same rights to influence on people. On the day of its birth science supposed to develop and become a theory and, by the way, to get the necessary qualities in order to replace the religion and to be ready to give the answers on the questions on which religion could not answered. Using different methods and techniques in XXI century science had enough powers to stand on the place of religion, it turned to be the issue for faith and even for devotion. Such situation developed very quickly and the trust in science turned into unquestionable correctness.
Emile Durkheim was first who stated the science as the theory. Such theory had the opportunity to provide with enough time and proposed official religion but the base for it was science. The presence of great number of science permit the belief in the facts which were proposed by them and it was the reason for quick replacing of the religion on the second place even in the questions concerning the creation of the world. But such unquestionably facts were of double nature. First of all, science is grounded on the experience and it is certainly impossible to make any experiences on the creation of the world and the correct facts are still unknown. Secondly, science and religion are very different in structure and size, so it is wrong to stand these two things as science and religion into one row.
Careers in Forensic Science
Forensic science is one of the most challenging and stimulating careers that someone can choose for a litany of reasons. This is because, unlike other science careers, forensic science deals with the law and most particularly criminal law. What a forensic scientist actually does, is to use science to come to conclusions and solve puzzles with regards to evidence that has been gathered at crime scenes.
Unlike other scientists however; the forensic scientist must be able to defend their conclusions in a court of law. So it is imperative that the conclusions that a forensic scientist arrives at be flawless, because if any of their science is less than credible in one case it can also mean that the conclusions in other previous cases may too be called into question.
Many people are drawn to a career in forensic science because it is a science career that allows them to help people who have been victimized find justice. Problem solving and real life puzzles are still more reasons why people are so drawn to forensic science as a career choice.
Forensic science is continually advancing and new methods of finding answers to the puzzles that are left at crime scenes are continually being developed and tested. This means that a career in forensic science can involve making new discoveries that can be used to solve crimes in the future.
Job security is still one more factor that can’t be ignored and with so many peoples lives being disrupted by a job loss, forensic science is a career that you can count on to stay with you your entire life.
Forensic science is not only intellectually stimulating but it is also financially rewarding as well and with the need for forensic scientists growing world wide it also offers an incredible opportunity for travel.
Changing Food Science Career – Wide Scope Of Food Industry Revealed
When an aspirant is in search for a change in career from Food Science,he prefer the outgoing kind of working style. This shows they are interested to gain more skills which would improve upon their existing skills on their new career. The Skills of Food science will provide a wider scope in food industry. More coaching may be required where qualifications are must but with knowledge in food science, courses and qualifications are not tough to obtain.
From a lower-end staff to a cook a change of career from food science to handling or preparing food may not act as a ladder of promotion, Instead it helps in interaction with clients and grasping other workers who work in more discriminated situation.It makes him more compatible with clients he meets daily.
Facing a change of career from Food to Computers would take time for developing. The former career is nourished with technical skills which can never be useless but the latter one needs to be updated with the change in latest technologies.A change of career from Food science can encourage the aspirant to face new fields in Research and Development in Food Science. With his existing skills the worker could cope to more serious challenges, improvising their knowledge from Food to other suitable fields, or they shall find a total change of environment.
A change of career from food science to a mechanical type of employment will need some time preparation. This is because the work carried out in Food science is not much mechanical.In some cases of Food Science involving strenuous physical activity and heavy lifting, an outgoing duty, in the construction firm, physical education or even horticulture would need good level of fitness compared to the needs of a Food Scientist. A change of career from Food would need an assessment in physical fitness. Assessment in health and potential is mandatory as it tests the real capability of the individual.
Change of career from a Food Science to any other health related science or nursing will need more training and practice.Guidance from experts related to the field is necessary to carry out certain social tasks The same applies when changing to fields involving administrative skills and specialized retail services.
Change of career from Food Science provides the worker a larger scope of options to make use of the skills gained through years of experience and training.
Some Low Cost Science Experiments for Kids
Remember those science experiments you had to do in school? Remember how we put it off until the night before it was due? Asking your parents for help at the last minute was hard. You may be asked to help your child out the next time they have to do a science experiment. Starting it can be tough so here are some ideas worth considering.
If you have trouble getting it started here are some ideas that may help. One of these ideas may be helpful if you need more of a display: Check out some seashells and see what animals live in them, you can either draw your information or if you have some, glue them to the board. If you have the Internet available to you try to get some pictures of different cloud types and describe them. For a different approach take some cotton and make your own clouds, make them like the different types of clouds and then label them. Food ripens at different stages you can show this on your project. In a warm area in your home take a banana, or other fruit leave it there, another one can be left out at normal temperature and another kept in a cooler environment. Have a notepad so that you can check them and write down your findings. Different ice shapes may melt at different times; see if there is a pattern. Pour equal amounts of water into the containers and then put them in the freezer. Take the containers out of the freezer, allow them to melt and record how long each one took to melt. Making a tornado is one idea for your science project. Fill a jar about ? way with water; Get some food coloring and around 1 teaspoon of dish detergent and put them in the jar. Once you have put the lid on the jar shake it really well. Watch how the liquid that is in the jar will form a vortex that acts just like a real tornado. Take some monopoly houses and put them in the jar before shaking it up for a little extra touch.
Here is one really great inexpensive project that did not turn out as expected, but still won 2nd place. The question was would plants grow better in plain water or sugar water. The child predicted the sugar water would make the plants grow better. Take sunflower seeds and plant several in two identical pots (can be cups or whatever else you may have), water one with plain tap water and the other with the sugar water. Take detailed notes on when, or if; they sprouted. If you can take pictures during the experiment that is great, but if not, just be as detailed as you can. On this particular project the plant with the sugar water did sprout, but it appeared to rot more each day while the other plant did very well. The child finished all the notes, etc. and the next evening during the science fair she had to explain to the judges that their hypothesis was incorrect and why. She used the example of how sugar and sweets can rot your teeth. Imagine her surprise at winning 2nd place on her failed experiment! The judges told her that is what science is all about, finding what works or doesn?t work. And, they said they were pretty impressed that the child had gone ahead and put on a great display, in spite of being worried about the experiment failing.
Science Education: Making Science Fun
Every school in America is required to teach science. This is because science and scientific learning is a fundamental part of our existence. Most everything that we encounter on a day-to-day basis is, in some way, related to science. Even when we are sleeping, science is there to explain why we need to sleep and what takes place while we are sleeping. Because of this, science education is essential to life as we know it. Of course there will be many people who are happy to go through life without knowing how a bird can fly. Even given this fact, there will always be something that they will need to know and understand that is grounded in science. Even if it is something as simple as ‘fire is hot’ or ‘getting punched hurts. Science is there to explain these simple things too.
A good foundation in science through science education is required for all children, but the way that this education takes place is not strictly defined. With that said, many schools will take to science experiments using hands-on science products and supplies. This is an excellent way for students to ’see’ the science around them. Often times learning from a book can be tedious and will cause students to become uninterested in the subject matter. A science experiment, however, is interactive and forces the students to take part in science learning. These projects don’t have to be complicated and will usually result in a much higher level of learning retention.
There are a few reasons why children better retain knowledge gained through scientific experimentation. One is it allows you to appeal to those children who are visual learners. These students are the ones who need pictures or demonstrations to remember things. Words just don’t stick in their minds as well, but when they can see a science demonstration or visualize an experiment, they can comprehend and retain the subject matter with much better success. Many students tend to thrive in science because it offers the visual aspect that many other subject matters do not.
Another reason that knowledge gained through science experimentation is retained longer by students is because they are actively engaged. They can’t simply skim through the experiment, they have to make sure that they are doing things correctly, and the only way to ensure that is by understanding what is going on. It forces students to understand the science behind what they are doing, and if they don’t, often times the experiment won’t turn out right.
Finally, hands-on science experimentation gives the student a sense of accomplishment. It is a reward of sorts, to have the experiment turn out correctly. That reassurance and sense of achievement at the end of each experiment will cause them to want to do more. It will also give them more confidence in what they are doing and possibly cause them to take up more science projects on their own. They will already be comfortable with the process they need to follow and will merely need their own ideas and theories to start their own projects. Even their own small science projects will increase their knowledge of how the world around them works and functions.
Funding for Science
No country is against the development of science and scientific research.
It has been recognized by everyone that without science there is no development.
Therefore, promotion of scientific research in all area is taken up seriously.
Research both in basic and applied sciences is essential to achieve national and international developments.
In fact, basic science is costly as compared to the applied science.
In a recent article on science for sustainable development published in Current Science (Curr. Sci.) Dr. I. P. Abrol mentioned that low level of funding is frequently cited as one of the major factors for the declining state of science in India.
Not only Dr. Abrol, many other Indian scientists used to tell the same ‘low level funding’ for the poor science in India.
It was the state of affair once, but now the situation is considerable improved.
All branches of science, agriculture, engineering, medicine, veterinary, biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology do not suffer from ‘low level of funding’ nowadays.
In fact, most of the research institutions are not able to spend the allocated fund for scientific research in time.
Anyway much of the fund goes for salaries, some for the upkeep of the building and other infrastructures and the rest only is used for scientific research.
In the name of research projects funded by various foreign agencies and also the Government of India itself, amounts to over funding sometimes.
I still remember some of the World Bank funded projects in Agricultural Sciences.
Crores of rupees allotted to Agricultural Universities and National Agricultural Research Institutes.
In addition to it large number of projects in the name of National Fellows and Professor of Eminence are also in place.
Plenty of money for science, but no one appears to appreciate these good days of science.
We are certainly well off as far as the funding position for science is concerned.
We all know that the project fund is mostly spent for buying costly equipments which are invariably imported from foreign countries.
These instruments cost lakhs of rupees.
So, there are series of procedures to be followed for buying these equipments.
Tenders are called, opened, compared, placed orders, credited the amount in a bank and finally received the instruments.
Sometimes the scientist who placed order forgets to include a small piece of accessory for operating or maintaining the instrument.
While the instrument is installed, such mistakes are found out and intimated to the scientist by the installing engineers of the Sales Company.
They start thinking about the mistake so late and make a representation to the funding agency to sanction additional amount required for the missed accessory.
It take awful lot of time to get a positive reply, till then the instrument remains as a dead elephant in a corner of the laboratory which are not generally rat-proof and not even air- conditioned.
By that time the sanction for the additional amount reaches, and the accessory bought, the main instrument is damaged by rats which are fond of the pleasant smell of the plastic wires and chips attached within the instrument.
What I describe here may look like a story, but it is really not a fiction, but a fact which is always untold, kept secret and hidden.
Generally, no one question our scientists because they are in a higher scale of pay and position enjoying the perquisites offered by the government.
By that time, the senior scientist either retires or gets transferred to another institute.
The poor equipment becomes an orphan and no one takes care of it in that non-working condition.
Thus the fund for science is wasted once for all.
These dreams are known to the administrative officers and the comptrollers.
They try to underestimate the credibility of the scientists.
But that is generally taken as professional jealousy.
Anyway this is one side of the whole affair.
In the other side, the allotted fund is not properly released to the scientist to spend for his project unless and until he meets the administrative rules for buying the equipment.
If the Director or the administrative officer does not like a particular scientist, then the story becomes very serious.
Thus the fund is not spent within the stipulated time of the famous March end.
Knowing such difficulties scientists try to spend the allotted fund urgently by placing orders for easily available items such as steel almyrahs, fans, air-conditioners, refrigerators, plastic chairs, hot plates, room heaters, computers etc., etc.,
When I was a student and later a staff I could see truck loads of steel almyrahs, book cases, and refrigerators unloaded in science departments towards the end of March every year.
It looked very strange to me, but later on I could understand the circumstances under which they are bought.
Funding science is done by every government every year.
Who looks into the spending aspects of the funds?
Also who looks into the scientific research results due to such levels of funding?
The spending aspect is always looked into by the auditors checking the bills, dates and the correctness of spending according to the government audit rules.
The scientific research based on the funding and the equipments are not strictly monitored, although it is said that there are many committees established for this sake.
The outcome of scientific findings should have a direct bearing on the fund spent and the scientific instruments used.
But invariably most of the scientific research ends up in reports and publications either in Indian journals or in few so called international journals which are very rarely read by other scientists.
Sustainable science activity is desired by retired scientists, but I doubt that is possible to achieve.
Most of the scientific researchers are fed up over time and their thinking is outmoded.
They started with a sharp thinking in handling problems basic or applied, but over time their thinking lose the sharpness.
If you talk to any senior or junior scientists today, they spend more time in discussing their administrative difficulties rather than their scientific output.
Even if they talk about their outputs which will be a repetitive work or some one’s results confirmed.
These are facts every one of us – scientists – fully know.
Some of these facts are fashionably written in Curr. Sci. published by Indian Academy of Sciences.
When I read those comments, I feel very sad because this journal is found in libraries of almost all Universities of the world and also in the net free of cost.
The publishers of Curr. Sci. escapes cleverly saying that all articles published in Curr. Sci. especially editorials, opinions and commentaries, letters and book reviews are deemed to reflect the individual views of the authors and not the official points of view, either of the Current Science Association or of the Indian Academy Sciences.
Those who read Curr. Sci. journal knows very well the views of various scientists expressed in the ‘Correspondence’ section.
Exposing the setbacks in scientific world of India is a welcome step, but I do not know by doing so how many are rectified so far?
All the setbacks expressed make good reading, sometimes they are funny too.
The contents of the Correspondence section continue to be the same setbacks for the past decades and I hope it may be for the future decades too.
In a country like India, science and scientific research are not treated the way they have to be treated.
They are in the hands of the auditors who are not scientists but they count the money not the outcome of science.
In their eyes, whether one is scientist, business man or anybody – all are thieves.
Their job is only to find out the mistakes committed in spending the fund.
They do not know some of those mistakes are to be committed to carry out scientific research.
But who has to change the Government Secretariat administration which is still the same inherited from the British?
A new administration is absolutely needed for scientific institutions for better utilization of fund.
Indian science will remain with the same setbacks of the past decades forever if we follow the same set of account rules.
I feel it is an urgent matter the science administrators of Government of India have to look into seriously for the benefit of science in India.
Quran and Science of Meterology
SCIENCE OF METEOROLOGY
Quran Treats the phenonomenon of Rain and Hail
By
Allama Muhammad Yousuf Gabriel
www.oqasa.org
shaukatawan@rocketmail.com
The Quran has claimed not once but twice in most explicit terms to contain all knowledge that concerned humanity. And has challenged the world to bring a chapter like it, when I was asked that Quran was not the book of science, it was only the book of religion. How therefore, the treatment of the subjects like atomic science, the atomic bombs and atomic radiations could be expected in a book of religion. My answer to this was and is that the Quran is a book of a religion indeed, but it is the book of a religion that is perfect and complete and may be expected to provide answer to every question that was concerned with the humanity. If the destruction of the habitations of Sodom and Gomorrah received a mention in it, while these habitations were no larger than a negligible part of a modern city, how then the mention of a destroyer which would not leave so much as a blade of grass unburnt from one end of the world to the other, could be ignored without damaging the claim to universality. The Quran must be expected to give an answer to the question of atomic annihilation of the world. Again it may be asked whether the Quran contains the outcome of the research of modern science of meteorology. The answer to this question is yes it does. Quran shows this in one sign (Ayat) of about forty words. Read the following from the Quran regarding the phenomenon of rain and hail:-
” Hast thou not seen that Allah gently driveth forward the clouds and gathereth them together, and then layeth them in heaps? Thou also seeth the rain which falleth from the midst thereof, and Allah sendeth down from heaven, from mountains wherein there is hail, He striketh therewith whom he pleaseth, and turneth the same from whom He pleaseth, the brightness of His lightening wanteth but little of taking away the sight”.
( Quran XXIV – 43 )
” Have you not seen that God drives the clouds, then joins them together and puts them fold on fold. Then you see the rain fall through them; and He sends down hail from the sky where there are mountains of it, and strikes those with it whom. He will, and wards it off from whomsoever He pleaseth. His lightning could snatch away their eyes”.
(Quran – An-Nur-43 The Light)
You have read it now, or you have heard it. And if you pen to be a meteorologist, how much of the science of modern meteorology you have discerned in it, so that after we have explained it, you might compare. To most of the readers of the Quran it is merely a matter of common observation which has been mentioned by the Quran ; whether in the translation or in the original Arabic text of the Quran. Let this be remembered, however, that the mysteries are revealed only in the original Arabic text and never in the translations. It is the Arabic text of the Quran that reveals the essence of the modern science of meteorology about the phenomenon of rain and hail. Read the Quran -An Noor-43 )
In the first sight there appears to be no scientific facts of the modern research, but by the grace of Al-mighty Allah there are scientific facts to be revealed to those possessed of knowledge, and sincere in their faith in the Quran. The original Arabic text of the Quran has miracles to reveal. Most complex, intricate and perplexing facts of science and philosophy may be found in the words and mysteries discovered. To a knowledgeable reader the world of the Quran appears like kaleidoscopic world. The words changing their forms and clows and assuming new forms and colours, astonishing and perplexing the poor human intellect. During my forty-year long research in the Quran more than once I went to sleep with satisfaction that I had exhausted the meanings of a certain sign. But next morning to my surprise I saw the same sign blossoming with fresh flowers that had exchanging colours and delightful fragrance.
Let it be remembered that the modern science of meteorology is of recent origin, while the Quran was revealed fourteen centuries ago. If therefore the discoveries of the mo dern meteorology are found in the Quran, there remains no doubt about the divine original of the Quran, and the Quran deserves to assume a unique place among the divine scriptures.
We will now interpret the sign (Ayat) of the Quran in the light of all the latest discoveries of science in the field of meteorology. It is generally observed by the Non-Muslims, that whenever a discovery of science appears, the Muslims prop up the Quran saying, Lo! here is it written in the Quran, why the Muslims cannot find these facts from the Quran before the discovery is declared by science. The answer to this objection is, that firstly the Quran is not the text book of science to teach the people the technique of producing the things that are produced by the science, rather the Quran observes and regulates the entire life of humanity, every aspect of it. Therefore the Quran has its own style of treating the subject of pure science. Secondly, the Quran would not like the appearance of certain things or their wrong use in order to keep the humanity safe from the noxious effects thereof. Therefore the Quran treats such subjects of science in its peculiar manner. For instance the Quran has treated the atomic science, the entire essence of the subject, but has not taught to build the atomic bombs. Thirdly, if the Quran had explained the inventions of science as we see them today and had used the terms as we hear them today, it is not difficult to imagine that the hearers of that time, would have stampeded away thrusting their fingers in their ears, yelling, ” How impossible, how nonsensical, away, away to your rational creed, the creed of our fathers”. The fate of Islam was thus no hidden secret. And it was a miracle of the Quran, to say a thing comprehensible and appealing to its first hearers, and conceal within the same language that could answer all that was to come in time in any form, scientific, philosophic, economical, social. Yet let it be understood that the corroboration of the Quran and science is a topic fraught with imminent dangers. Science changes while the Quran is constant. Once said, for-ever said. The corroborator therefore must have thorough knowledge of science, to discern the established facts from more theories and hypotheses, and should at the same time have the thorough knowledge of the Quran to its real mind. Otherwise there is a great possibility of wrecking the reputation of the Quran, and making this word of God about of ridicule, unrecking at the same time the doom of the corroborator himself. I have seen many a corroborator that blundered in this field and fell from the cliffs to the vale of ignominy. God save us from such a doom. I myself am a corroborator, but I weigh a thing a hundred times and pass many a sleepless nights before I find courage to pen a single fact or to bring it on record. Yet I pray to Allah, the Merciful to guide me aright in this hazardous field and let me have no personal or other consideration, and forgive any slip of fall. I am obliged to take to this field for no other reason than that it has become the inevitable necessity of these days. Otherwise the early authentic commentators of the Quran have left no point unambiguous.
Now let us revert to our topic in the name of Allah the Benign, the Merciful. Allah says:-
“(Alam Tara). Has thou not seen?” This question was first posed to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and his contemporary Arabs. Now it could be posed to the meteorologist. This is the marvellous feature of the All-time and eternal Quran.
Then :-
“(Annallaha Yuzji). That is God drives”. It is to contradict the view of those who think that the laws of nature work on their own, or that the whole affair of creation is accidental only. Here the God asserts his complete control of the Phenomenon.
Then (Yuzji Sahaban). (Sahab) means a cloud, but the derivatives formed on its root (sahaba) give the meanings as, to drive along, to drag along, to withdraw, to recall, to retract etc. The modern meteorological science on this point says, ” Previous to a thunderstorm, the clouds are in great commotion. Great masses being torn asunder, others uniting together. These clouds being electrified, some more some less strongly, act inductively on one another, and if a piece happens to be torn away with more than its fair share of electricity that has been induced into it, it may soar away intensely electrified, several such pieces may unite to form a big cloud”.
Then The Quran says:-
” (Thumma Yuallifu Bainahu). That is thereafter affects between the different parts of the cloud a harmony and achieves affinity between them. Generally it is translated as ” and gathereth them together”. In order to know what sort of harmony and affinity is affected and achieved between the various parts of the cloud, let us read the following from the science of meteorology.
” To achieve the coalescence of the minute spherules of water into fallable rain drops, a proper electrical affinity, between a particle and a particle within the cloud and further, within the cloud and the earth has to be achieved. In the presence of a strong positive charge in the cloud the SPHERULES WOULD TEND TOWARDS SEPARATION, EXCLUDING ANY POSSIBILITY OF THEIR COALESCENCE. A charge of milder sort in the vicinity has been found to be helpful for the desired coalescence for the spherules into rain drops. The necessity of the ELECTRIC POTENTIAL and hence the electricity itself, having thus been established a slight ACIDIFICATION of the cloud water is to be UNDERSTOOD as a means to impart conductivity to the water, which in a state of its purity is a bad conductor of electricity”.
Let the great masters of Chemistry read these chemical processes explained by the Quran.
Then the Quran says:-
” (Thumma Yajaluhu rukaaman)”. That is then “layeth them in heaps”. Let us read what the modern meteorological science says about the heaping up of the cloud. It says:-
” When the vapour in the air is condensed not through contact with cold bodies, but through the cooling of a mass of vapour -ladden air, then a cloud is formed. A cloud consists of fine drops of water. if it be near the ground it is called mist or fog. It would at the outset seem impossible to classify or account for the myriads of forms of the cloud, but when we come to observe and watch them closely, two main types of cloud-forms assert themselves. Those which appear in fillowy well-defined shapes, and those which spread over the heavens in a layer thick or thin, partial or complete. The former of these is called CUMULUS, a Latin word meaning HEAP, the latter STRATUS, a Latin word meaning A LAYER. These names are due to LUKE HORWARD (1802) and have been used by all cloud observers since his time. The meteorological science is of recent origin. It developed within the centuries of this modern age. Luke Horward (1802) first used the Terms CUMULUS and STRATUS”.
The Quran has anticipated him by centuries. The word Rukaaman which the Quran has used means exactly the CUMULUS. So far as the Term STRATUS is concerned, the Quran has used it in another sign (verse) about the very same topic. The sign is as follows:
That is : ” Allah is He who sendeth the wind so that they raise clouds, and spreadeth them along the sky as pleaseth Him. And forms them in layers, and thou seest the rain downpouring from within them”.
( Quran XXX – 48 )
” It is God who sends the breezes that raise clouds, then spreads them over the sky as He please, fold on fold, then you see the drops of rain issue from between them. When He sends it down to those of His creatures as He will, they are filled with joy”.
(Quran The Romans, 48)
The actual word is (Kisafan) which means to lay in layers, to stratify, to lay layer upon layer. It is exactly the term STRATUS, the term of Luke Horward. Though generally it is translated as, “causeth them to break”. It is surprising to note, that the Quran anticipated Luke Horward (1802) by centuries. The words of the Quran thus are not only scientific but also prophetic.
Then the Quran says:-
(Fataral Wadaqa Yakhruju min khilaalihi). That is : Thou seest the rain which falleth from the midst thereof. Actual word is (Min Khilaalihi), that is the rain is pouring from the (khilal) of the cloud. The meaning of this word is pin, skewer, spit. The root of this word is (khallala) which means to acetify. “Khal” means vinegar. Now the necessity of the acidification of the cloud water we have already narrated in the previous pages. A charge of milder sort is essential to achieve the coalescence of the spherules. The charge necessitates electricity. But pure water is a bad conductor of electricity. It is necessary therefore to acetify the water to endue water with the quality of conductivity. Thus the role of the word (khilal ) in the phenomenon becomes clear, to mean that no (khilal) meant no rain, and therefore no life on earth.
The Quran further says:-
(wa yunazzilu min assamaae min jibaalin fiha min bardin). That is:- ” And Allah sendeth down from heaven, from mountains wherein there is hail”. First imagine a cloud like a mountain of hail. How beautiful is the mountain of white pearls and how exact but novel is the simile. But the point which attracts our attention is hidden in the word (jibaal) which means mountains. The root of this word is (jabala) which means to kneed. Perhaps the most astonishing discovery of the modern meteorological science is that no mist nor fog could be formed, unless there were present in the vapour-laden air particles of dust or sand to act as the nucleus for the spherules of water that constitute the fog. This has been proved, since air filtered through cotton wool, has no tendency towards fog formation. The hail pellets likewise have been found to have been built around a spec of dust acting as their Nucleus, a process in distinction from that of the formation of snow. Now let us see the word (jibaal) that is mountains used by the Quran. The word Jibaal has been derived from the root-verb (jabala) which means to kneed. Then imagine a cloud of rain or of hail, wherein every spherule has a spec of dust or sand though invisible to naked eye. Certainly the cloud appears like a mountain made of dust particles kneeded with water. Remarkable also is the role of mountains in the formation of rain.
Now in the end it may be asked that the Quran in this phenomenon has made no mention of the great role played by the air. It is the air that carries the moisture, and it is the air that wafts the clouds. without the air no rain would have been possible. The question takes our thought to another sign (Ayat) of the Quran which is identical with the sign which we are discussing, and has mentioned the role of air. In the previous pages we have alluded to sing just read:-
(Quran-Alarum -48)
(Allah-u-lazi yursilu-arriaha fatuseeru sahaban). That is, ” He is Allah who sendeth the winds, so that they raise clouds”.
( Quran XXX-48 )
The Quran’s challenge, “Bring ye a chapter like unto it” stands good for every age, including this age of science. The knowledge of science shown by the Qruan is such that no scientist will ever think of being an equal to or like the Quran, the amazing word of Allah, the God of the worlds.
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